不明责任人高空抛物侵权责任探究

摘  要

不明责任人高空抛物侵权，是指高层或多层建筑物的所有人或实际居住人从高楼内抛掷物品造成无辜的人身体受到伤害或者财产遭受损失，而又难以确定具体侵权人的行为。近年来高空抛物侵权案件频繁发生，引发了一系列的人为悲剧和社会问题，也对相关立法提出了巨大的挑战。该问题是侵权法立法中的新问题，还是不容易应对的司法现实难题。《侵权责任法》第 87条的规定为此类案件的处理提供了规范指引，由于相关条款的规定过于宽泛，立法时间较短，很多现实案例可能更具复杂性，所以在司法应对方面仍有不少问题难以通过该条款进行合理解决。因此应该更进一步完善“可能加害的建筑物使用人”的范围，把高空抛物侵权行为和建筑物致害行为进行有效区分，增设追偿权相关律法条款等。建立起一个体系完整的社会化分管机制，把责任保险制度纳入不明责任人高空抛物侵权、加大社会保障力度，出台《侵权责任法》第87条的司法解释等，合理解决该问题。

关键词：高空抛物，完善，责任，司法解释

ABSTRACT

The high altitude parabolic infringement of the unidentified person means that the owner of the high-rise or the multi-storey building or the actual resident throws the goods from the high building to cause the injury of the innocent person or the loss of the property, but it is difficult to determine the behavior of the concrete infringer. In recent years, high-altitude parabolic infringement cases have frequently occurred, triggering a series of man-made tragedies and social problems, and also poses great challenges to relevant legislation. It is a new problem in the legislation of modern tort law that the infringement of high altitude objects is unknown, and it is also a difficult judicial reality that is hard to deal with. The provisions of the eighty-seventh article of the Tort Liability Act provide normative guidance for the handling of such cases. As the provisions of the relevant provisions are too broad and the time of legislation is short, many practical cases may be more complex, so there are still a lot of problems in the judicial response that are difficult to be solved through this article. Therefore, we should further improve the scope of the "potentially injuring building users", strictly distinguish the tort of high altitude parabolic from the damage to the building, and add the provisions of the right of recourse in the legislation. The establishment of a complete system of social management mechanism, the liability insurance system into the high altitude parabolic infringement of unidentified persons, increase the strength of social security, the introduction of the eighty-seventh judicial interpretation of the "tort liability law", and so on, to properly solve the high altitude parabolic infringement of the unidentified responsible person.

Key words: high altitude parabolic, perfection, responsibility, judicial interpretation

目  录

一、绪论........................................................1

（一）选题背景及意义..........................................1

（二）国内外研究综述..........................................1

二、关于《侵权责任法》第87条的概念.........................2

（一）对第87条的解读...........................................2

1．责任人明确的和不明责任人高空抛物侵权.....................2

2．补偿责任与赔偿责任的区别.................................2

三、关于《侵权责任法》第87条规范的审思 3

（一）《侵权责任法》第87条的进步之处...........................3

1．体现了公平责任...........................................3

2．发挥了社会功能...........................................4

3．维护公共利益.............................................4

（二）第87条的值得探讨提升之处.................................4

1．抛坠物侵权具有重复性和矛盾性.............................4

2．补偿主体范围过于宽泛.....................................5

3．可能加害人追偿权的缺乏...................................5

四、高空抛物侵权行为民事责任制度的完善 6

（一）第87条的完善建议.........................................6

1．进一步限定“可能加害的建筑物使用人”的范围...............6

2．严格区分高空抛物侵权行为与建筑物致害行为.................6

3．增加追偿权的条款.........................................6

（二）相关保障制度的完善和建议..................................6

1．责任保险制度的引入.......................................7

2．健全完善社会保障制度.....................................7

3．对《侵权责任法》第87条作出司法解释........................7

五、结语 7

参考文献 8