论西方平等观念的确立及其影响

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摘  要
    平等思想作为构建理想社会的基本价值取向和准则，在人类思想史上源远流长。西方的平等观念源于古希腊，当时智者派根据自然法则，首先提出了平等的思想。斯多葛学派也从自然法的角度阐述了平等的涵义。在古罗马时期睿智的罗马人有的放矢的继承了古希腊的法律思想。其中著名的法学家西塞罗就构建了一套理性的蕴含丰富平等观念的。罗马法是罗马奴隶制经济高度发达的产物，它的产生成为平等观念普及不可或缺的重要条件。文艺复兴时期，主要强调个人主义、人本主义，宣扬男女平等，人类平等，文艺复兴时期的思想为后来的平等观念奠定了基础。17、18世纪是西方平等观念完善与确立的时期。在这一时期的思想家中，霍布斯从自然状态的角度论述了平等，从洛克开始平等真正的被赋予了每一个人，孟德斯鸠从民主政治的角度下解释了平等，伏尔泰主张“人人自由，人人平等”，卢梭则是平等权利的最重要辩护者。最终平等观念演变成为“法律面前人人平等”被确立为资产阶级法制中的一项重要原则，并用宪法的形式确定下来，美国宪法中的平等原则就是最好的证明。至此，平等观念在西方基本确立并对西方产生了深远的影响。

[关键词]:平等观；起源；普及；确立；影响

On  Establishment  and  Affection  of  Western  Idea  of  Equality
Abstract
As the basic value tropism and principle for construction of ideal society, the equality ideology has a long standing in human history. Western idea of equality was born of ancient Greek. At that time, the idea of equality was proposed originally by the Sophists according to the natural law. The meaning of equality was also described by the Stoic school from the point of view of natural law. In ancient Rome the intelligent Roman inherited the legal thought of ancient Greek with a definite object, which famous jurist Cicero has constructed a set of the rational and abundant meanings natural law thought of view of equality. The Roman law was the outcome of highly developed slavery economy of Rome and it has been the indispensable condition for popularization of idea of equality. The thought in the period of the Renaissance which were individualism, humanism , publicizing the idea of equality between the sexes and human equality established the foundation for idea of equality afterwards. During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries were the period of the set-up and improvement of the western idea of equality. In this period, there were many thinkers coming forth, including Hobbes who discussed the equality in natural state; Locke who claimed that everyone was endowed with equality indeed; Montesquieu who explained the equality from the angle of democratic politics; Voltaire who claimed that “freedom for everyone, equality for everyone”; Rousseau who was the most important defender of equal rights. Finally, the idea of equality became the Principle of “equality of all people under law” that has been established as a basic principle of the law of the bourgeoisie and has been determined by the form of constitutional. For example, the principle of equality of American Constitution is the best proof. Till then, the idea of equality has been established basically in western and influenced deeply to the western.

Key words: Conception of Equality; Origination; Popularization; Establishment; Influence

目        录
摘  要    ……………………………………………………………Ⅰ
ABSTRACT    …………………………………………………………Ⅱ
前  言   ………………………………………………………………1
一、西方平等观念的提出  ……………………………………………1
（一）西方平等观念源于古希腊  ……………………………………1
1.智者派首先提出了平等    …………………………………………1
2.柏拉图的性别平等    ……………………………………………2
3.亚里斯多德明确提出了平等思想    ………………………………2
4.斯多葛学派从自然法的角度阐述了平等的涵义    ………………………3
（二）古希腊平等观产生的原因  ………………………………………3
二、西方平等观念的普及  …………………………………………4
（一）西方平等观念在古罗马时期得以普及   ………………………4
1. 西塞罗的法律思想中蕴含着丰富的平等思想   …………………………………4
2. 罗马法对平等观念的普及作用   …………………………………………………5
3. 西罗马的灭亡使西方平等观念的发展陷入了停滞状态   ………………………5
4. 罗马时期平等观产生的原因及其影响   …………………………………………6
（二）平等观念在中世纪得以恢复与发展   …………………………7
1. 基督教超验主义平等观的产生与发展   …………………………………………7
2. 罗马法的复兴唤醒了人们对平等的渴望   ………………………………………8
3. 文艺复兴时期的人文主义平等观   ………………………………………………8
三、17、18世纪西方平等观念的完善与确立时期   ……………9
（一）17、18世纪思想家的思想中蕴含了平等的观念 ………………9
1.霍布斯从自然状态的角度论述了平等    …………………………………………9
2.从洛克开始平等被真正的赋予了每一个人    ……………………………………9
3.孟德斯鸠的平等思想     …………………………………………………………10
4.伏尔泰主张“人人自由，人人平等”  ………………………………………… 10
5.卢梭 ——平等权利的最重要辩护者    …………………………………………10
（二）17、18世纪平等观念产生的原因   ……………………………11
四、平等对西方资产阶级法制的影响——以美国宪法为例 ……12
（一）早期法律文件中的平等思想   …………………………………12
（二）《独立宣言》  ……………………………………………………13
1.《独立宣言》对美国的影响   ……………………………………………………13
2.《独立宣言》中的平等观念   ……………………………………………………13
（三）1787年美国宪法  ………………………………………………14
结   语    …………………………………………………………15
参考文献   …………………………………………………………16
致    谢   …………………………………………………………17

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