论我国死刑制度的现状及完善

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摘    要
      死刑是最严厉的一种刑罚制度，死刑又称生命刑，是以剥夺人的生命为内容的一种刑罚制度，其在刑法的刑罚体系中占据着重要地位,一直受到历代历朝统治者的青睐。然而，自200多年前，意大利著名法学家贝卡利亚在其代表作《论刑罚与犯罪》一书中，首次明确提出死刑制度相对于人类文明的不合理性，由此引起了近现代法学们激烈的争论，对于死刑问题，学界存在两种观点，保留死刑和废除死刑，在废除死刑成为一种潮流和趋势的时候，我国选择保留死刑，是我国历史发展的必然继承与发展，符合我国基本国情，存置死刑在我国有着浓厚的社会土壤和深厚的人文环境，因此在一个相当长的时间里我国将选择保留死刑，但一定会严格限制死刑的适用。本文拟通过对我国死刑制度的现状进行介绍和分析,以期对我国的死刑制度形成一个相对全面的认识,进而对现行死刑制度进行一些有益的思考,寄希望于对我国的死刑制度的完善有所裨益。
具体来说，本文第一部分从死刑的定义，死刑的基本特征，死刑的功能三个方面阐述了我国死刑制度的内涵和功能，使读者对我国的死刑制度有一个清晰的认识。第二部分先综述我国建国以来的死刑立法特点，进而通过对三个阶段和两个《刑法典》的阐述，使我国有关死刑的立法进程清晰可见。第三部分叙述了我国死刑制度现阶段存在的主要问题，通过仔细阅读刑法学界的研究、看法、观点，提出了解决这些问题的立法方面。第四部分综述了我国死刑制度的司法现状、主要问题、以及针对这些问题的对策和立法、司法、司法解释的完善。第五部分通过对全文的高度概括，结合国内外死刑制度的实际情况，指出了我国现阶段死刑制度存在的必然和必然向前发展的客观真理。
本文在限制死刑方面，着重从立法上、司法上、程序上、监督上和死刑缓期执行制度等方面进行一系列的限制，从而达到慎用死刑的目的，通过本文的论述，以求对我国的死刑制度形成一个相对全面的认识，进而对现行死刑制度进行一些有益的思考。由于本人学识有限，不足之处，尚请见谅。
关键词： 死刑政策  死刑制度  主要问题  对策及完善 

Abstract
The death penalty is the severest one kind of penalty systems, the death penalty calls the Life sentence, is taking eliminates person's life as the content one kind of penalty system, it occupies emphatically the important place position in the criminal law penalty system, has received all previous dynasties successive dynasties ruler's favor. However, more than 200 years ago, Italian renowned jurist Cesare Bonesana Beccaria, in its representative works "Discuss Penalty And Crime" in a book, proposed explicitly for the first time the death penalty system is opposite in human culture unfairness, from that has caused the near modern legal science intense argument, regarding the death penalty question, the educational world has two viewpoints, the retention death penalty and the other is abolishes the death penalty. In the world death penalty abolishes in the reform hold superiority situation our country to choose the retention death penalty, is our country historical development necessity inherits with develops, tallies with our country fundamental realities of the country, saves sets at the death penalty to have the strong social soil and the deep humanities environment in our country, therefore in quite long time Our country will choose the retention death penalty, but certainly strict limit death penalty's being suitable. This article plans through to carry on the introduction and the analysis to our country death penalty system's present situation, forms a relatively comprehensive understanding by the time to our country's death penalty system, then carries on some beneficial ponders to the present death penalty system, places hopes in has a benefit to our country's death penalty system's consummation.              
Specifically speaking, this article first part from death penalty's definition, death penalty's essential feature, death penalty's function three aspects elaborated our country death penalty system's connotation and the function, enable the reader to have a clear understanding to our country's death penalty system. Since the second part has summarized our country to found a nation the first death penalty legislation characteristic, then through to three stages and two "Penal code" the elaboration, causes our country related death penalty's legislative advancement to be clearly discernible. The third part narrated our country death penalty system present stage existence subject matter, through the careful reading criminal law educational world's research, the view, the viewpoint, proposed solves these question legislative aspect. The fourth part summarized our country death penalty system's judicial present situation, the subject matter, as well as in view of the question countermeasure and legislative, judicial, the judicial interpretation consummation. The fifth part through to the full text high summary, unifies the domestic and foreign death penalty system's actual situation, had pointed out our country present stage death penalty system existence's necessity and develops inevitably forward objective truth.
This article in the limit death penalty aspect, emphatically from the legislation, the judicature, the procedure, the surveillance and aspects and so on system of announcing the death sentence with a two-year reprieve and forced labor carries on a series of limits, thus achieves cautiously with death penalty's goal, through this article elaboration, form a relatively comprehensive understanding in order to our country's death penalty system, then carries on some beneficial ponders to the present death penalty system. Because myself knowledge is limited, the deficiency, still invited the excuse me.
Keywords: Death penalty policy ，Death penalty system ，Subject matter ，
Countermeasure and consummation

目   录
摘   要............................................................ Ⅲ
Abstract ............................................................ Ⅳ
引  言 ............................................................ 1
一、我国死刑制度的内涵及功能 ............................................................ 1
（一）死刑的定义............................................................  1
（二）死刑的基本特征 ............................................................ 2
（三）死刑的功能 ............................................................ 2
二、新中国死刑问题的立法............................................................  3
（一）1949—1979年我国的死刑立法 ................................................... 3
（二）1979年到1997年我国的死刑立法...................................... 4
1、刑法典中的死刑立法............................................................  4
2、单行刑法及司法解释中的死刑 ............................................................ 5
（三）1997年《中华人民共和国刑法》颁布至今的死刑立法 ......................................7
三、我国死刑制度的问题完善............................................................  8
（一）我国死刑立法存在的问题 ............................................................ 8
1、死刑适用的总则性规定还不完善 ......................................8
2、死刑罪名多 ............................................................ 8
3、非暴力犯罪死刑罪名过多 ............................................................ 8
4、在某些犯罪的加重犯规定绝对适用死刑...................................... 8
5、规定适用死刑的情节不合理 ............................................................ 8
（二）对我国死刑制度的完善 ............................................................ 9
1.限制死刑罪名的范围 ............................................................ 9
2.规范适用死刑的情形............................................................  9
3.完善死刑适用的对象............................................................  10
4. 充实刑罚体系，完善有期徒刑、无期徒刑制度...................................... 10
5.规范死刑立即执行的程序............................................................  11
四、我国死刑问题的司法现状及完善...................................... 11
（一）摒弃重刑主义，慎重对待死刑 ......................................11
（二）完善死刑缓期执行制度 ......................................12
（三）规范死刑司法解释 ............................................................ 13
（四）坚持由最高法院行使死刑复核权...................................... 14
结  论 ............................................................ 15
参考文献 ............................................................ 16
致  谢 ............................................................ 17

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