供应链管理

中文字数:3465,  英文字数:1815

Supply chain management (SCM) is the management of a network of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate provision of product and service packages required by end customers (Harland, 1996). [ 1 ] Supply Chain Management spans all movement and storage of raw materials , work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption ( supply chain ).供应链管理
供应链管理（SCM）是相互联系的网络管理业务所涉及的最终提供的产品和服务 ）。供应链管理涵盖所有运输和储存原料 ，工作在制品库存和成品货物原产地由点到消费点（ 供应链 ）。
Another definition is provided by the APICS Dictionary when it defines SCM as the "design, planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply chain activities with the objective of creating net value, building a competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics, synchronizing supply with demand, and measuring performance globally."另一个定义是APICS辞典提供的供应链管理时，它定义为“设计，规划，执行，控制和供应链活动的监测与创造的净价值目标，建立有竞争力的基础设施，充分利用全球物流，供应与需求同步，在全球范围和测量性能。“
 
[ edit ] Supply chain management probl供应链管理问题
Supply chain management must address the following problems:供应链管理必须解决以下问题：
Distribution Network Configuration : number, location and network missions of suppliers, production facilities, distribution centers, warehouses, cross-docks and customers. 配电网络配置 ：数量，地点和供应商网络任务，生产设施，配送中心，仓库，跨码头和客户。
Distribution Strategy : questions of operating control (centralized, decentralized or shared); delivery scheme, eg, direct shipment , pool point shipping, cross docking , DSD (direct store delivery), closed loop shipping; mode of transportation, eg, motor carrier , including truckload, LTL , parcel ; railroad ; intermodal transport, including TOFC (trailer on flatcar) and COFC (container on flatcar); ocean freight; airfreight; replenishment strategy (eg, pull, push or hybrid); and transportation control (eg, owner-operated, private carrier , common carrier , contract carrier, or 3PL ). 分配策略 ：）问题的操作控制（集中，分散或分担;交货计划，例如直接装运游泳池点航运，交叉对接。渠务署（商店直接递送），闭环航运;运输方式，例如：汽车运输，包括整车， 零担，包裹， 铁路，多式联运，包括TOFC（平车拖车）与COFC（敞车货柜），海运，空运，补货策略（如，拉，推或混合）和交通管制（例如，业主经营， 私营运营商，共同承运人，承运人的合同，或第三方物流）
Trade-Offs in Logistical Activities : The above activities must be well coordinated in order to achieve the lowest total logistics cost. 贸易活动中进行平衡，后勤 ：上述活动必须协调一致，以实现最低的物流总成本。 Trade-offs may increase the total cost if only one of the activities is optimized.权衡总成本可能会增加，如果只是活动之一，是优化。 For example, full truckload (FTL) rates are more economical on a cost per pallet basis than less than truckload (LTL) shipments.例如，满载（超光速）率更在每个托盘的成本比小于一卡车的基础上（零担）货物经济效益。 If, however, a full truckload of a product is ordered to reduce transportation costs, there will be an increase in inventory holding costs which may increase total logistics costs.但是，如果一个产品的全部卡车责令降低运输成本，将有存货持有成本可能会增加物流总成本增加。 It is therefore imperative to take a systems approach when planning logistical activities.因此，必须采取系统方法在城市规划方面的活动。 These trade-offs are key to developing the most efficient and effective Logistics and SCM strategy.这些权衡的关键是开发最高效和有效的物流及供应链管理战略。
Information : Integration of processes through the supply chain to share valuable information, including demand signals, forecasts, inventory, transportation, potential collaboration, etc. 信息 ：通过流程的整合供应链，分享宝贵的信息，包括需求信号，预测，库存，运输，潜在的合作等
Inventory Management : Quantity and location of inventory, including raw materials, work-in-progress (WIP) and finished goods. 库存管理 ：库存数量和位置，包括原材料，在制品（在制品）和成品。
Cash-Flow : Arranging the payment terms and methodologies for exchanging funds across entities within the supply chain. 现金流 ：安排资金的方法，交换在整个供应链内各实体的付款条件及。
Supply chain execution means managing and coordinating the movement of materials, information and funds across the supply chain.供应链管理和协调的执行手段的材料流，信息流和整个供应链的资金。 The flow is bi-directional.该流是双向的。
 [ edit ] Supply chain management供应链管理
Organizations increasingly find that they must rely on effective supply chains, or networks, to compete in the global market and networked economy. [ 6 ] In Peter Drucker's (1998) new management paradigms, this concept of business relationships extends beyond traditional enterprise boundaries and seeks to organize entire business processes throughout a value chain of multiple companies.组织越来越多地发现，他们必须依靠有效的供应链，或网络，竞争在全球市场的网络经济。在彼得德鲁克（1998）新的管理模式，这种关系的概念业务延伸超越了传统的企业边界，并寻求组织在整个价值链的多个公司的整个业务流程。
During the past decades, globalization, outsourcing and information technology have enabled many organizations, such as Dell and Hewlett Packard , to successfully operate solid collaborative supply networks in which each specialized business partner focuses on only a few key strategic activities (Scott, 1993).在过去的十年中，全球化，外包和信息技术已启用，如许多组织戴尔和惠普，成功运行提供坚实的协作供应网络中，每个专业的商业合作伙伴）的重点只是少数人，1993年的主要战略活动（斯科特。 This inter-organizational supply network can be acknowledged as a new form of organization.这个跨组织的供应网络可以被认为是一项新的组织形式。 However, with the complicated interactions among the players, the network structure fits neither "market" nor "hierarchy" categories (Powell, 1990).然而，与球员之间复杂的相互作用，网络结构不符合“市场”或“等级”类别（鲍威尔，1990年）。 It is not clear what kind of performance impacts different supply network structures could have on firms, and little is known about the coordination conditions and trade-offs that may exist among the players.目前还不清楚什么样的性能影响不同的供应网络结构可能对公司，几乎没有关于协调的条件和权衡中可能存在的已知的球员。 From a systems perspective, a complex network structure can be decomposed into individual component firms (Zhang and Dilts, 2004).从系统的角度来看，一个复杂的网络结构可以分解成单个组件公司（张和迪尔茨，2004）。 Traditionally, companies in a supply network concentrate on the inputs and outputs of the processes, with little concern for the internal management working of other individual players.传统上，供应网络公司集中在投入和产出的进程，与其他个人的内部管理工作的球员很少关注。 Therefore, the choice of an internal management control structure is known to impact local firm performance (Mintzberg, 1979).因此，内部管理控制结构的选择是众所周知的本地公司业绩的影响（明茨伯格，1979）。

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