立足高中英语课文,积累写作素材 谢琼芳

立足高中英语课文,积累写作素材
安溪一中  谢琼芳
 写作教学是高中英语教学的重要组成部分。根据《普通高中英语课程标准》对写作技能目标的要求，在基础教育结束时学生须“能根据所读文章进行转述或写摘要；能根据用文字及图表提供的信息写短文或报告；能写出语意连贯且结构完整的短文，叙述事情或表达观点和态度；能在写作中做到文体规范、语句通顺。”近年来的高考英语试卷中的书面表达不但注重考查学生的语言综合运用能力， 而且对学生提取信息和分析归纳的能力有较高要求。字数由80~100提高到100~120。笔者以为，实现这一目标要特别注重在教学过程中提高学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力。教材是学生首先接触到的最主要的课程资源，为学生提供了大量鲜活的语言。课文题材广泛，体裁多样，难易程度适中，适合高中学生品读课文范文，积累写作素材。《课标》要求，“教师要善于结合教学实际的需要，灵活地和有创造性地使用教材。”刘道义先生在给教师学员作SEFC辅导讲座时，也强调了以教材为中心训练学生的英语写作能力的重要性。因此在高三英语总复习的教学中，笔者更强调学生读写结合，不仅能复习巩固语言知识，而且背诵好词佳句，增强语感。模仿谴词造句，是克服中文式英语的好方法。“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”这句话生动地说明了阅读与写作的关系。事实证明，这种以课本为蓝本的写作教学模式能收到事半功倍的效果，笔者以仿写阐述之。
 仿写——用类似的情境模拟课文
 英国著名作家斯蒂文森谈学习写作的经验时说过，学习写作除多练以外，还要多模仿。仿写既能反馈出学生对课文的体裁及重要句型的掌握程度，又能促进学生对课文所用语言材料的系统掌握，取得举一反三的效果。那么，要求学生模仿什么呢？
 1．仿写课文思路
 仿写最重要的是模仿思路。比如，记叙文要有贯穿全文的线索，以使事件或故事发生、发展的脉络清楚；描写文要有合理的逻辑顺序，其展开的顺序要符合认识规律，反映由具体到抽象、由浅到深的思维过程；说明文要选择合适的角度，按照一定的时间或空间顺序来说明事物。只有掌握了各种文体的写作思路，学生在写作时才能做到思路清晰，层次分明。
 2．仿写课文结构
 高中英语写作的文体主要是记叙文、议范文等，在仿写时，要注意学习其结构特点。如记叙文，多采用三段式的谋篇布局形式，并采用顺叙的方法。第一段交代时间、地点和人物，第二段交代事件发生的过程，第三段叙述事件的结果。议范文也多采用三段式：第一段摆出论题，第二段列出正方观点，第三段列出反方观点。也可采用四段式：第一段摆出论题，第二段列出正方观点，第三段列出反方观点，第四段展示作者自己的观点。了解了这些文体结构之后，学生才有可能写出结构紧凑的文章来。
 3．仿写课文句式
 课文中常出现许多习惯表达方式和一些特殊句式，还有一些适合某些特定情景、场合的常用句子，教师要向学生多强调、示范。特别是一些常用于文章开头、结尾和中间起承接作用的惯用语，要让学生多练习，并能运用到写作中去。
 例一：在New Zealand (Unit 18)课文教学中，首先引导学生分析课文是怎样围绕中心选择和组织素材的，让学生掌握对地理位置的描述，对气候、环境、资源、历史以及人口、风俗习惯的描写，使学生学会对有关国家、城市、旅游景点的写作方法。然后以Taiwan Island, China, Our City等为题让学生模仿课文的写作方法进行写作训练。如布置书面表达练习：用英语写一篇文章介绍家乡—泉州给外国游客。
 地理位置：滨海城市，福建东南部。气候：宜人，既不冷也不热；历史：悠久；人口：7，520，000； 经济：重要商贸中心，经济发达；名胜古迹：名胜古迹多，体现多元文化. 交通：到全国各地都方便。其他：城市发展快，变化大，有活力。
 Quanzhuo is famous as a beautiful seaside city in the southeast of Fujian. It has a comfortable climate which is neither too hot nor too cold. Our city has a population of 7,520,0000. It is an important center for business and the economy of our province. It is developing very fast .Our city has a long history and there are many famous sights that embody many different cultures including some famous temples, mountain scenery and rivers.
 It’s convenient to travel from our city to anywhere else in the country .Getting here is easy. There are flights and trains to many major cities in China. 
 My hometown is developing very fast and great chances have taken place in it . It is an exciting city. I love my hometown.
 例二：复习Unit 22 Environmental Protection归纳与环保话题有关的短语/句型（如There be结构/It的句型/感叹句/并列句/复合句/倒装句/主动句/被动句）然后布置书面表达练习：请根据下面这幅漫画写一篇120词左右的短文。要求：
 ⒈ 请阐述温室效应所产生的原因。⒉ 简述其后果，应尽可能涵盖图中所有信息（至少谈及二个方面）。⒊ 我们该怎么办？
 I. Words and phrases relevant to the environmental issues.
 air pollution global warming the greenhouse effect  natural habitats carbon monoxide extreme climate the weather temperature with economic growth /As a result of increased industry/due to human activities / the earth’s climate change endangered species are disappearing/ become extinct natural disasters frequent droughts and floods protect the environment preserve forests ecosystem clean, renewable energy sources like wind, water and solar power Increase/rise/go up by%/cause/ lead to/ result in (from)/contribute to developed countries/give off gases/decrease/ slow down/reduce cutting down forests
  II. Main sentence structures learning: ⑴There be结构 ⑵ It 的句型 ⑶ Diverse sentences （感叹句/并列句复合句倒装句/主动句/被动句）
 ⒈ With the development of economic there are more families that have their own cars. 
 ⒉ There are many things which can be improved.
 ⒊ However, there are still some problems to be settled, such as water and air pollution and heavy traffic in rush hours.
 ⒋ There have been bad accidents recently.
 ⒌ It is well known that the earth is our only home. There’s no substitute for our earth.
 ⒍ It is high time that the government took proper steps to solve traffic problem.
 ⒎ It is reported that the number of cars on the roads in Britain has gone up by30% in recent years.
 ⒏ It is necessary that we should take good care of our forests.
 ⒐ 感叹句 How serious the pollution is!
 ⒑ 并列句Sadly, many species have become extinct and more are in danger of extinction.
 ⒒ It is important to preserve forests. Otherwise a lot of animals will have nowhere to live.
 复合句(compound sentence)
 ⒓ Some people use cars, even for short journeys when they could easily walk.
 ⒔ The government must make sure that all people stop cutting down trees without replacing them. 
 ⒕ Nothing will be improved until ordinary people like you and me start acting differently.
 ⒖ If all of us make small changes, we could make a big difference.
 ⒗ 倒装句e.g. Not until people realized how terrible the pollution is did they start to take measures.
 ⒘ 主动句/被动句The government need to do something to control the pollution.
 ⒙ Something is to be done to control the pollution.
 ⒚ 强调句It is not until people realize how terrible the pollution is that we start to take measures.
 ⒛ 一句多译：We must take measures to stop pollution. Measures must be taken to stop pollution. We must stop pollution with some measures. It is necessary for us to take measures to stop pollution. If we want to stop pollution, we must take measures
 结束语
 总之，围绕教材进行的写作活动形式多样，内容丰富。实践证明，这是一条发展学生的思维能力和创新精神、加深学生对课文的理解、训练学生的知识迁移能力、循序渐进地提高学生的综合语言运用能力的好路子。英语教材中的写作素材无处不在，只要教师潜心挖掘，学生认真完成，就一定会有所收益。处处留心皆学问，而我们同样可以说：在英语写作教学中，处处留意皆素材。

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