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对我国现行死刑政策的评析
[摘 要] 死刑,又称“生命刑”、“极刑” 是指以剥夺罪犯人生命为内容的最严厉的刑罚方法,是凭借从肉体上消灭犯罪分子的手段来惩罚犯罪,从而达到防卫社会的刑罚方法。死刑是世界上最古老的刑罚之一,据历史记载中国的死刑起源于尧舜时代。①从古到今死刑经历了由兴盛到衰落,由残酷到人道,由报复到理性的发展过程,当今世界死刑已成为全面消亡之势,半数以上的国家走入废除死刑的行列。未废除死刑的国家也限制死刑的适用。随着全国人大常委会2006年10月31日表决通过一项法律修正案,将死刑案件的核准权统一收归最高法院行使。这是23年来,我国对最严厉的刑罚——死刑所作的一次最重大改革。使得中国关于死刑存废的问题再一次成为中国法学界关注的焦点,同时这也引发了全国对中国死刑存废问题的热烈讨论。笔者认为废除死刑是世界也是中国发展的必然趋势,但是就目前在中国的实际情况看,废除死刑为时尚早,所以不存在保留死刑与废除死刑的争论。而应着重研究死刑的限制、改革问题。因此,笔者在本文中对我国的死刑从死刑的价值、死刑现状及如何完善死刑制度三方面进行了研究。
[关键词] 死刑 政策 评价
Abstract:
Death penalty, which is also called" the life penalty " or “capital p---unishment”, is the strictest punishment aiming at depriving life of the criminal and depending on exterminating the human body to punish the crime and achieving the purpose of defending the society. The death penalty is one of the oldest penalties in the world. China’s death penalty dated from Yao shun period according to the historical record. From ancient times to the present, the death penalty developed from prosperity to decline, from ruthlessness to humility and from vengeance to rationality. Nowadays, the world death penalty has the tendency of being died out completely. More than half of the countries have abolished the death penalty. Those countries which haven’t abolished the death penalty have restricted the use of it. With the National People's Congress Standing October 31, 2006 passed a law to vote on an amendment to the death penalty cases in the hands of the Supreme Court approved the exercise of the right to reunification. This is 23 years, China's most severe penalty - death by one of the most significant reform. Of China on the issue of retention or abolition of the death penalty once again become the focus of jurisprudence,it arose a hot discussion all over the country. The writer thinks it is a tendency of the world and china on the course of its development to abolish the death penalty. But, according to the present situation of china, it is still too early to abolish the death penalty. As a result, the problem to retain or to abolish the death penalty no longer exists. The author of this article at the death of our country from the foundation of the value of the death penalty, capital punishment and how to improve the status of three aspects of the death penalty system is studied.
Keywords: Death penalty Policy eva luation
一、引言
死刑,是一种惩罚,但同时也是上千种巧妙的折磨,一种比一种可怕。人类天生的残忍从未得到这样般广泛的运用,而几世纪以来,它却被称之为“合法死亡”②。死刑是一种十分古老并且占据着重要地位的刑罚。但随着两百多年前意大利著名刑法学家贝卡里亚《论犯罪与刑罚》的出版,世界废除死刑的运动就此开始。在当今国际人权运动日益发展的情况下,死刑逐渐成为被废弃的刑种。但是在中国的刑法体系仍然保留着68个包括被暴力犯罪罪名的死刑。使得中国关于死刑的立法状况与国际规则存在巨大的差距。随着人类社会物质文明和精神文明的发展,废除死刑是全人类的必然选择,也是中国经济发展和对外开放的要求,但是在当前的中国,为了迎合国际上的要求,而不顾实际情况一步废除死刑,可能出现反复恢复废除死刑以及在实际废除死刑过程中因难度巨大而最终无法废除死刑等情况,造成无谓的经济物质上的浪费,另外还造成对社会正常的公共次序的混乱。因此,在中国的实际情况下,废除死刑应该逐步进行,直至最终的彻底废除。现阶段中国死刑制度的亟待解决的问题就是对中国刑法典规定的死刑罪名的限制,以及完善立法,严格死刑的执行程序。以及为废除死刑做一系列的准备。