从天理到人情——论自然法本质的演变

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摘  要
自然法学作为影响西方法律思想数千年的经典法哲学观念，把西方法律的发展与变化从古演绎至今。它在不同的历史时期扮演着不同的角色，在古希腊罗马时期是自然的法则，中世纪是上帝意志的体现，资产阶级革命时期是人类的理性，现代是对人定法价值的评判。尽管自然法的发展历程揭示了其内容的可变性，但它却始终以“理性”本质为核心，把这种理性演绎为人类的欲求，更贴近现代人的真实生活需要。同时，也指导和批判着制定法，为现代建立民主的法治社会提供了可参考的蓝本。
另外，自然法积极的现实意义为我国贯彻实施依法治国方略，强化权力监督与制约机制，大力发扬社会主义民主，充分尊重公民自由，切实保障公民的人权，努力改善精神文明建设提供了理论基础。
关键词：自然法；理性；自然权利

From Heavenly Principle to Human Feeling ——
On the Evolution of the Nature of Natural Law

Abstract
Natural law has affected legal thought of west for thousands of years as the classical philosophy of law, the development and change have been deducted by Natural law from ancient to now.Natural law played different role in different periods ,and it was respectively natural principle in ancient Greece and Rome ,the manifesation of the will of God in the Middle Ages,the rationality of people in the period of Bourgeois Revolution,and it becomes a standard of judgement of man-made law in the Mordern Society.The development of Natural law reveals the variability of the contents ,but it has always been rationality,which was deducted to desire of people,played as the core essence of Natural law ,and was close to the real needs of modern people.At the same time ,Natural law which provides a reference for setting up the rule of law is the guidance and criticism for development of statute.
In addition,positive and practical significance of Natural law implements the strategy according to law to govern the country for China's, strengthening the mechanism of power and supervision, vigorously carrying forward socialist democracy and full respecting for civil liberties, and earnestly safeguarding Civil rights, efforts to improve the building of spiritual civilization to provide a theoretical basis.
Keywords: Natural law；rationality；natural rights

目       录
摘  要....................................................Ⅲ
ABSTRACT..................................................Ⅳ
前  言.....................................................1
一、自然法发展概述.........................................1
二、坠落人间的天使——古代自然法...........................2
（一）自然的法则 自然的理性................................2
1.自然法就是自然秩序和规律.................................2
2.自然法是规范行为的那种永远不变的自然理性.................3
（二）自然的正义 法的理性..................................4
三、上帝的意志——中世纪神学自然法.........................6
（一）推崇上帝之法 追求幸福生活............................6
（二）遵循永恒之法 神化自然法则............................7
四、人类理性的归依——古典自然法...........................8
（一）尊重天赋人权 高唱自由之歌............................8
1.自然状态下对人权与自由的欲望.............................8
2.人权和自由是情感表达的有效形式...........................9
（二）格守社会契约 保护私有财产...........................10
1.缔结社会契约是理性的需要................................10
2.保护私有财产是人类本性的流露............................11
五、法治文明的蓝本——新自然法学..........................12
（一）提倡社会道德 追求法律价值...........................13
1.强调法律与道德的一致性..................................13
2.理性是法律要实现的价值..................................14
（二）拥护正义之理 构建法治社会...........................14
结  语....................................................15
参考文献..................................................17
致  谢....................................................18

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