环境税和发展中国家政策研究

中文字数:2798,中文页数:3  英文字数:1676 页数:5

Abstract and Executive Summary
 Pollution problems in developing countries are of growing concern, particularly air and water pollution in rapidly growing urban areas. In large part this problem is attributable to the classic problem of externalities in production and consumption, and can be expected to grow worse with the success of industrial development policies. In addition there is inadequate public good infra-structure for treating and disposing of waste products. This lack is due in part to inadequate 3evels of tax revenue in developing countries.
 "Externality" describes the fact that the costs of pollution and other forms of environmental degradation are not taken into consideration by the decision-makers undertaking activities which cause these problems. A rationale exists for government policies to correct this market failure and achieve a more efficient allocation of resources. These policies include command and control type policies which restrict the quantities of harmful activities and market-based incentive policies which raise the price of these activities to the perpetrators. The former include emission and abatement standards while the latter include emissions charges, taxes on production and consumption, and marketable pollution quotas.

环境税和发展中国家政策研究
摘要: 污染问题在发展中国家越来越受到关注 ，尤其是发展迅速的城市地区的空气和水污染。这个问题在很大程度上归因于生产和消费的外部性所产生的传统问题，并且有可能随着成功的工业发展政策愈演愈烈。另外，没有足够的好的公共基础设施来处理污染物。这种缺乏部分归因于发展中国家税收杠杆的无效。
 “外部性”是指参与活动的决策者没有考虑这些活动所产生的污染的成本及其他形式的环境退化。政府政策存在的理由就是纠正市场失灵，并达到资源更有效的分配。这些政策包括指挥与控制型政策，旨在限制有害活动的数量，和基于市场的激励政策，旨在提高从事这些活动的作恶者的成本。前一种政策包括排放和减排标准，后一种政策包括排放收费制，生产和消费税，以及用于销售的污染配额。

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