目标管理的历史演变

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目标管理的历史演变
 目标管理（OEC）
 在60年代， 70年代和80年代，常常通过目标来提高、管理工作效率，于是就有了“目标管理”这一理论。目标管理主要是被当前的项目管理组用于改善管理水平，提高劳动生产率，普遍用于阐述计划结果的产生，及相应工作原则，包括许多前期的基础建设。MBO的基本原则包括：
 1、建立一套高层战略目标系统。
 2、创造一个由下级明确的目标和行动计划支持的纵向组织目标系统。
 3、明确组织的角色、使命，为每个组织成员制定具体的目标和行动计划，并要求每个成员都能以一定的方式参与决策。
 4、为每一个目标建立对应的关键成果和（或）绩效标准。
 5、定期测量、评估现状或结果。

外文原文一
A MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION

Management by Objectives (MBO) (It’s in the goal)
In the 60’s, 70’s and 80’s it seemed like a good thing to manage work efforts by goals, hence the term “management by objectives.” The idea was to improve management and work productivity in general by being more defined about the intended outcomes MBO principles contained many precursors to the basic building blocks used by current project management tenants. The basic MBO principles included:
 1. Establish a set of top level strategic G-Os.
 2. Create a cascade of organizational G-Os that are supported by lower level definitive objectives and action plans.
 3. Develop an organizational role and mission statement, as well as specific objectives and action plans for each member, often in a manner that involved participative decision making.
 4. Establish key results and/or performance standards for each objective.
 5. Periodically measurement/assessment of the status or outcome of the G-Os.

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