目标管理

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目标管理

 1965年，乔治s奥迪奥尔尼完成了一篇文章，命名为目标管理。仅仅五年后这本书已经被第十次印刷。事实上这种目标管理工具已经被全国几乎所有的公司执行官所熟知为一种普通的术语，这证实了奥迪奥尔尼创作上的成功。
 基本前提：
 奥迪奥尔尼的目标管理概念是基于这样一个基本前提的，即任何系统化的管理都远远好于没有系统的管理。第二个前提可表述为可行性，即任何管理系统必须注重理论联系实际。第三个重要的前提是对管理绩效的评估是一个自主的行为而不是其它公司的。换句话说它所反映的评估过程仅仅是作为几种子系统的一种，它在一个传统目标管理系统的范围内进行操作。
在进入这种目标管理系统的基本元素的讨论之前，几种财务状况计算说明条件是必须要保证的。接下来说到的每一种管理者面临和建立的实践决定都是和环境条件非常有关联的，所以要有适当的目标管理实践系统。
 A．因为经济环境包括农业综合企业公司操作在这些年里发生了剧烈的转变，所以一个完整的设置需求已经被公司和管理者列为了重要的项目。

MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVE
In 1965, George S. Odiorne completed a textbook titled, Management by Objective.Just five years later, the same book was undergoing its tenth reprinting. The fact that the term “management by objective” has now become common nomenclature to company executives around the country attests to the success of Odiorne's literary efforts.
The Underlying Premises
Odiorne's concept of management by objective is based on an underlying premise that any system of management is better than no system at all. A secondary premise states that to be workable, any management system must bridge the gap between the theoretical and the practical. A third important premise establishes that the appraisal of managerial performance is not an activity autonomous from other activities of the firm. In other words, it regards the appraisal process as only one of several sub-systems operating within the confines of a goal-oriented management system.
Before proceeding into a discussion of the basic elements of the management-by-objective system several “statements of condition” seem warranted. Each of the following statements relates to the environmental conditions with which managers are confronted and establishes the setting for later determining the practical relevance of the management-byobjective system:
A. Because the economic environment within which agribusiness firms operate has changed so drastically in recent years, a whole new set of requirements has been placed on companies and their managers.
B. The preliminary step in the management-by-objective system dictates that managers identify, in some manner, organizational goals designed to meet the new requirements noted in A, above.

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