《老人与海》中圣地亚哥的性格成因TheCauseofSaniago’sCharacerinTheOldManandTheSea_开题报告

Literature Review

The Old Man and the Sea is Hemingway’s masterpiece which represents his mature writing style and excellent composing thoughts in the peak period of creation. Santiago is the main role in The Old Man and the Sea, which has been studied by many critics and scholars. They have made a profound study of Santiago, the character in The Old Man and the Sea. The research results on symbolism, iceberg principle and tough guy image in the works are rich. The following are the main points：

1、Study on Symbolism in The Old Man and the Sea    Hemingway's brother Lester Hemingway said in his memoir My Brother Hemingway that Hemingway's " tough guy" hero is Hemingway himself, and Santiago's tragic image symbolizes Hemingway's own life. 

Yang qiuxi(2010) points out that Santiago's tragic image is a microcosm of Hemingway's life., in his " analysis of Hemingway's" old man and sea " symbolism," （page155--157) Santiago's dangerous situation shows Hemingway's " grace under pressure" and the sea is a symbol of Hemingway's living environment.

Study on the Iceberg Principle in The Old Man and the Sea    Tang Renfang (2008) described the profound theme of the work in On the Iceberg Principle of The Old Man and the Sea , the rich emotional world of the hidden characters. She believed(page65--68) that Hemingway used concise words to create distinct characters and hid his own feelings and thoughts in the image to the maximum extent to achieve the artistic effect of profound and hidden thoughts and skillfully combine the sensibility and ideological content of literature so that readers can feel and explore its inner significance.

Study on the Image of Tough Man in The Old Man and the Sea    Some scholars have gone deep into the study and analysis of the characters in the novel. Zhang Min(2000) introduced Hemingway's Tough Guy Character’s reasons for the formation of this image in “Humility and Transcendence -- The Psychological Cause of Hemingway's Tough Guy Character”. 

Mr. Dong hengyi（1962）who is one of the most famous experts about American literature in our country, He said that:”The point of this novel is teaching a man how to face failure bravely.” in “Hemingway's shallow theory”(page32).    Through the research of the above scholars, we can see that Santiago's character in The Old Man and the Sea needs our research and understanding, and its hidden connotation deserves our in-depth study. It is of great significance to analyze the causes of Santiago's character

 This thesis mainly makes an analysis on the cause of Santiago’s character, which has been studied by many critics and scholars. Based on those studies, this article will discuss his character’s cause. The formation of human personality is closely related to the environment. Santiago’s character was formed in his struggle with nature.

Santiago’s character shows Hemingway's spiritual realm to a certain extent It is Hemingway’s character that makes Santiago’s character. So this passage finally discusses the projection of Hemingway’s character over Santiago. 

二、Outline

1. Introduction

Ernest Miller Hemingway, who was one of the most famous American writers in the twentieth century and belonged to the Lost Generation. He was born in Oak Park, Illinois on July 21,1899.Influenced by his parents, he ardently loved music, hunting, fishing, boxing and bullfighting, which are very challenging activities. He has took part in two World Wars and Spanish Civil War. During World War I, he served as an ambulance driver while during World War II and Spanish Civil War, he served as a correspondent. He was wounded by the war many times and has experienced twelve operations, which withdrew 227 pieces of bullet fragments from his body. Finally he settled in Cube. His works have The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to arms and The Old Man and The Sea. In 1958, he won the Pulitzer Price for The Old Man and The Sea and in 1953, he won the Nobel Price. However, what surprised the world most is his suicide. He committed suicide by shooting himself on the morning July2,1961.

The Old Man and the Sea is a very simple story, but it has a far-researching significance to the human. A fisherman of Cube, Santiago, didn’t get any fish for about 84 days in the Gulf of Mexico. However, he didn’t give up and still went fishing on the 85th day. He regarded 85 as a lucky number and he must catch a fish.  Santiago finally got a fish as big as the length of the boat after fighting with the fish for about 3 days and 3 nights. But on the back way home, the fish was attacked by some crucial sharks. Although the old man has tried his best to protect the fish, he failed. At the end,the sharks devoured the marlin, leaving only the head, skeleton and tail. The topic sentence in the book is “A man can be destroyed but not defeated”. This word has inspired hundreds of people and became the food for thought. 

Santiago’s characters

Strong will

Kind heart

Rational mind

Analysis on the cause of Santiago’s character

3.1. Living environment

3.2.Interpersonal communication

3.3.Family background

Conclusion

三、References

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Chele geer. Another View on the Hero Santiago in the Old Man and the Sea [J] Overseas English. 2011,(10):228-229

Edward. H. Strauch; The Old Man and the Sea [j] Aligarh Journal of English Studies 1984

Ernest, Hemingway. The Old Man and The Sea [M]. Trans.Huang Yuanshen. Nanjing: Yilin Press, 2007

Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and The Sea. Beijing: Foreign Language Ptrdd, 2008:1--112.

Huang Ping. An Analysis of the Characteristics of Santiago in----The Old Man and the Sea. Guangzhou College

Li Xiaojuan, Zhao Yiyu. Grace Under Pressure [J]. Journal of Language and Literature,2007,(4):71--72.

Meyers Jeffrey Hemingway: A Biography. [M]. London: Macmillan 1985

The Old And The Sea / Hemingway. Beijing: Beijing Publish House 2007

Xin Ruijuan. The Classic Text of Iceberg Theory [J]. Journal of B aicheng Normal College,2008,(1):109--112.

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杨秋喜.“浅析海明威《老人与海》的象征手法.”赤峰学院学报（汉文哲学社会科学版）.（4）2010：155--157.