高考英语词汇复习方法 余信路(二)

    总之，不少考生因不理解熟词的新含义，给全句甚至全文的理解带来很大困难。因此，为了提高理解程度、阅读效率，我们很有必要帮助学生归纳一下熟词的新词义。其实，要收集这样的例子并不困难，只要选用像牛津或朗文词典中的例子即可。也只有平时训练到位，学生才能在考试中既能理解准确，又能节省时间，从而做到得心应手。举例说明：
例1：I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment.（2004全国卷Ⅱ）
析：cloud本为名词，表云。分析语境逻辑可知，忧虑会影响一个人的判断，因此该句clouded应译为使难以……。
例2：How could they begin to picture modern life？
析：picture本为名词，表图画。分析语境逻辑可知，该句picture作为动词，可理解为使……出现图画，即描绘。
例3：do 模仿；学习；足够，正合适
 He does Clinton very well.他把克林顿模仿得惟妙惟肖。I did French for 5 years.我学了五年法语。
 That vase would do for your Mum's birthday present. 那个花瓶给你妈妈当作生日礼物很合适。
例4：observe vt. 说话，评论；遵守（规则、法律等）；庆祝，庆贺
She observed that it was getting late. 她说天色已经晚了。
Though living abroad for a few decades a lot of overseas Chinese still have the habit of observing Chinese tradition. 尽管很多海外华人在国外居住了几十年了，可他们仍然有遵守中国传统的习惯．
Do they observe Christmas? 他们过不过圣诞节？
例5：date vi. 始于或属于（某一历史时期）；n. 约会
This tower dates from / back to the 14th century. 此塔历史可追溯到十四世纪。I will have a date with Jenny tonight. 今晚我与詹妮有约会。
例6：make vt. 成为，造就
She would have made an excellent teacher. 她本可以成为一位出色的教师。The room would make a nice office.这间房子做办公室挺不错的。
 ⒊ 写作词汇复习
 学生在写作时苦于词汇量小，单词拼写错误，句型单一，或者采用汉英对译的方式直接呈现，往往造成文不对题，用词不准确，词性误用，不重视词形变化，表达平庸无新意，得不到高分。
 学生在短文填词部分的主要错误集中在词性误用和不重视词形变化上，如2009年福建省高考卷的十个词（76. includes 77. carefully 78. in 79. given 80. grammar 81. ourselves 82. beginning 83. possible 84. which 85. benefit）中，grammar写成grmmer, include不加词尾-s, carefully只用形容词形式careful, ourselves写成ourself, begin没有双写n或没有ing形式等。
 所以，在复习过程中，我们要帮助学生分析该词在句子中的成分以及上下文的语境，建议分别做专项训练，如名词主要训练复数形式和由动词或形容词转变而来的名词形式，动词主要训练-s,-ed,-ing形式，还要归纳固定短语、词组和句型（in one’s own words, if possible, benefit from等）。
 学生在书面表达部分的主要错误集中在用词不准确，词性误用，表达平庸无新意等方面上，如：把smile at写成laugh at或smile, in return写成in turn, whenever and wherever possible写成 whenever and wherever is possible, take all the trouble写成take all the troubles, bring me up写成take me up, progress写成progresses, gain more confidence写成gain more confidences/confident, in this way写成by this way等等。
 所以，在复习教学过程中，我们要帮助学生养成主动辨析同义和近义词的用法、准确用词、经常做句型转换的习惯，并收集热点话题词汇和句型，过渡词的用法，谚语，写作模板句型。如：
 ⑴ 话题—友谊
常用的话题词汇有：
 get to know sb.(认识某人), know sb. really well(熟知某人), make/stay friends with sb.(和某人交/保持朋友), with a strong personality (有很强的个性), win/get/gain friendship(赢得友谊), be friendly with (对某人友好),  a close friend(一个亲密的朋友), trust each other (相互信任), have faith in (相信某人), precious/priceless/lifelong/ worthy (珍贵的/无价的/终生的/有价值的), understanding(通情达理的), share …with sb.(与…分享…), help each other (相互帮助), be loyal to(对…忠诚), keep in touch with sb. (与…保持联系), keep company with sb.(和…结交)等。在描述此话题时常用的句型有：
 ① Friends give us love/help… 朋友给予我们爱/帮助…。② A good friend is someone you can depend on/rely on/turn to for help…一位好朋友就是一个我们能够依靠的/求助的…的人。③ A friend in need is a friend indeed.    患难见真知。④ Friendship plays an important part in …友谊在…中扮演重要角色。⑤ You can… to be a good friend. 你可以…来成为别人的好朋友。⑥ …makes a good friend. …成就好朋友。⑦ ... is one of the things people value most in a friend. … 是人们在朋友身上最重视的东西。⑧ …have a friend of …years with sb. … 与… 有着…年的友情。
 ⑵ 过渡词的归纳整理也是很有帮助的。如：
表示“举例”的常用词有：① for example例如 ② for instance例如 ③  thus就这样 ④  next其次；然后 ⑤  namely那就是 ⑥ that is那就是 ⑦ in other words换言之⑧ that is to say换言之；⑨ in particular/particularly尤其；特别 ⑩ especially特别地；主要地
例句：① A good speech, for example, should be as short as a skirt. ② For instance, light travels faster than sound. ③ Next, think of the courses you want to take.
 ⑶ 表示“增加或附属”的常用词有：① in addition而且；此外 ② furthermore而且；更有甚者 ③ also也；而且 ④ moreover而且；更有甚者 ⑤ again而且 ⑥ and而且 ⑦ besides而且 ⑧ in addition to除．．．之外 ⑨ as well as以及  ⑩ what's more而且
例句：① In addition, the tour stops in Tokyo. ② Furthermore, he is too old to do that. ③ Also, she asked for some money.
 ⑷ 谚语的恰当使用能使文章熠熠发光。如：
Hold fast when you have it. 手中之物应紧握。
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起，使人健康、富有而聪明。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
All is not gold that glitters. 闪光未必尽黄金。
 ⑸ 写作模板的归纳有助于得高分，要特别注意写作模板所用的词汇。如：对比观点题型作文模版
 The topic of  ①          （主题）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of  ②          （支持A的理由一）What is more, ③          理由二). Moreover, ④          --(理由三).
 While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly, ⑤          (支持B的理由一). Secondly (Besides), ⑥          （理由二）. Thirdly (Finally), ⑦          (理由三).
 From my point of view, I think ⑧          （我的观点）. The reason is that ⑨          (原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice.
 ⑹ 英语写作中词汇量不足的应急措施
 在英语写作中，词汇量不足是影响成绩的一个重要因素。一个意思往往因为一个单词不会而表达不清，一个好的句子也会因为一个词汇想不起来而不能完成。可用下面三种简便易行的应急措施。
 ① 试用笼统词。英语语言中笼统词有have, take 等，笼统词的重要特点在于意义广泛，搭配性强，构成词组后可以替代众多具体动词，能大致表达意思。在一些具体动词写不出来的时候，用这些笼统词取代，也能收到异曲同工的效果。例如：我经历了一个极其艰苦的时代。I experienced a terrible hard time.
 这一句中，experience被遗忘时，用have代替，成为：I had a terrible hard time.又如：Do you understand my meaning, sir? = Do you take my meaning, sir? The boy resembles his father. = The boy takes after his father.
　　从以上的例句不难看出，在作文应试中，笼统词取代具体词，不失为一种应急良策。
 ② 联想有关词汇。当遗忘产生时，或遇到未曾学过的词时，应发挥想象力，想出一切与之有关的单词。一般情况下，联想可按下列思路进行：1联想同义词；2联想反义词。例如：I had a nightmare last night. = I had a bad dream last night. nightmare 使用频率不太高，而其同义词bad dream 却很容易记。后者丝毫不影响原句的意义。另外：The food is delicious. = The food is tasty. = The food is nice to eat.
　　同样，用其反义词来取代某一遗忘了的词也是可行的，再如：This is expensive. = This is not cheap. She is talkative. = She is never quiet.
 ③ 试用解释性语句。语言的功能在于表达，而表达的方式是多种多样的。当一个词写不出就会影响到意思的表达。英语当中多功能解释性语句，就可以起到这一作用。请看下面的句子：He is a dumb. = He is a person who can not speak. He refused. = He said no. I’ve never seen such a stubborn person. = I’ve never seen such a person who never listens to other’s advice.
 三、小结
   总之，在高考复习教学中，词汇将贯彻始终。学生只有完全掌握了3200个单词的用法，就能面对高考从容不迫，夺取高分，而要帮助学生学好这些词汇，我们要做大量的归纳和整理工作，并设计出合适的练习，供学生选做，这个任务任重而道远。

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