政府执行能力改善的分析(二)

其实并非所有政府的目的或策略都会实现，我们通常发现政府意图或策略实现得不完善，这种情形的一个重要原因是政府执行力的缺乏或腐败。政府执行力的腐败主要包括：中央和地方之间或者政府部门内部为争取他们自己的部分利益而起的利益冲突；组织运作的无限冲突；阻碍甚至破坏政府执行策略（或者政策）；雇主懒惰；公共组织领导者的无能；执行过程的扭曲。执行力的缺乏或腐败往往表现在执行过程的扭曲。它包括政策不适当的或正式的或有选择性的执行。事实上，它扭曲了政府战略和策略，政府执行力的腐败有许多原因。按公共策略的观点，分析如下：
l   In government structure, the scope of policy ability is not accurate. Because of microscopic decision covers large, and the policy is not concrete and has multiply status, the dominating area of policy ability could not definite and often absent and superposition. Similarly, this is also the recourse of conflicts between center and local, among the department of the public organization.   
在政府构造中，由于细微的决定涉及广泛，政策不明确，情况复杂，政策力的统治区域不明确，不存在与重合。同样地，这也是中央与地方之间及公共组织部门之间的求助对象冲突。
l   The setting of the strategy target (also the policy target) is not reasonable. The strategy (or the policy) setting correctly is the precondition of the government effective execution. The strategy setting must meet following several requirements: subject, clear, concrete and feasible.
战略目标的背景不合理，正确地战略背景是政府有效执行的先决条件。战略背景必须符合以下几个必备条件：对象，清晰，准确，可行。
l   Policy subject—government’s character orientation is wrong. Government is not omnipotent, and should not take on all the society things. The practice proved that the government’s character should do it should do or it can do, such as providing the public products, arranging the society security. The wrong orientation results in the disadvantage government execution. If the government takes part in the microscopic economy excessively, the government execution will be weakened even go to the impasse rather than strengthen it.
政策对象—政府所扮演的角色的方向是错误的，政府不是全能的，不应当承担社会的一切事物。实践证明，政府所扮演的角色应该做它应该做或能做的事情，如提供公共产品，筹划社会安全措施。错误的方向不利于政府职能的发挥，如果政府过度地参与到微观经济中，政府职能将会减弱甚至消失而不是加强。
l   The system has bug and the policy has not be standardized. The system provides the outer environment for the public policy. The defect of system often leads to the instable policy or other negative effects such as one thing managed by several departments. This obviously goes against the government strategy and policy and influences severely the government executive ability. The standardization of the strategy and policy stresses the clear of the content and the form, maintains their authority, stability and validity. Standardization means authority and government executive ability.
体制的残缺与政策的不标准化。体制为公共政策提供外部环境，体制的缺陷导致政策的不稳定或对不同部门所管理的事情产生其它负面影响。这显然违背了政策，严重影响了政府执行力。政策的标准化强调了内容和形式的清晰度，以维护他们的权力，可靠性和有效性。标准化意味着权力和政府执行力。
l   There is absent of supervising and evaluating of the policy. We can’t image that he huge government system is absent of supervise and only depending on the people’s consciousness to execution the public policy and government strategy. The practice proved time and again that the successful and the effective government execution must have a strong, unique and relatively independent administrative supervision. Evaluation is another supervision, an afterwards supervision. To evaluate the results of the policy is the main content of the supervision.
政策缺乏监督和评估，我们无法想象强大的政府体制缺乏监督，仅仅依靠人们的意识来执行公共政策和政府策略。实践再次证明，成功而有效的政府职能必须具备强大，独特而相对独立的行政管理。评估是另一种监督，一种后续的监督，政策的评估结果是监督的主要内容。
l   The policy edges—“majority’s tyranny “, on the rule of minority obeying majority, the minority will be ignored or harmed when their benefit is not consistent to the majority. This actually makes the policy unfair and damages the validity and identification of government. 
政策底限—“多数人的专横”，按照少数服从多数的原则，当少数人的利益与多数人利益不符时，少数人会被忽视或受伤。这实际上使得政策不公平，损害了政府的合法性与真实性。
l   The crisis management policy is absent. The crisis event is paroxysmal, urgent, limited information and instable. When it breaks out, government executive ability could not carry out effectively as the government’s recourses, including system, process and policy etc. are restricted.
危机应付政策的缺乏，危机事件是突发，紧急，有限的信息及不稳定。一旦危机事件突发，由于政府的求助对象受限，包括体制，过程和政策等，政府执行力就不能得到有效执行。
4 Improving public policy ability，enhance government executive ability                                      For changing of the disadvantage of government executive ability, elevating the ability of government public policy will strengthen it. The measures are following.
4.改善公共策略力，加强政府执行力
为了改变政府执行力的不利因素，通过提高政府执行力来加强，具体措施如下：
4.1 Based on the perspective of the process of policy 4.1.1 The ability of confirming and programming the policy problems is the premise of the ability of government crisis management. Accurately grasping the problems will be helpful for the pertinence and effect of the government activity. The pertinence will help to use the policy (government) resources reasonably and to bring to the policy effect adequately and so elevating the government executive ability.
4.1基于政策过程的观点
4.1.1巩固和规划政策问题的能力是政府危机管理能力前提，准确抓住问题有助于政府活动的针对性及效果。针对性有益于合理利用政府资源及产生适当的策略效果，以便提高政府执行力。4.1.2 The key of elevation the government executive ability is elevation the policy executive ability. The policy execution is relative to the realization of government’s intention and purpose and relative to government executive ability.
4.1.2提高政府执行力的关键是提高政策执行力，而政策执行力与政府意图和目的的实现及政府执行力有关。
4.1.3 The ability of policy establishment is the safeguard and confirmation of the elevation of government executive ability. Policy establishment will judge the effect of the policy’s value after execution. According to the result, decision-maker can determine that if the certain policy should continue, adjust or end. Either to re-establish the resources or adjust the policy will affect government executive ability.
政策的建立是提高政府执行力的保障和证据，政策的建立是在政策执行后，由政策的价值所产生的影响来判断的。根据结果，决定人可以确定可靠的政策是否应该继续，调整，还是废除。重建资源或调整政策都会影响政府执行力。
4.2 Based on the perspective of the policy subject—government 4.2.1 The policy subject—government’s authority and credit is the safeguard of the policy ability. Elevation the validity and identity of the policy subject leads to actualize the government strategy. When the government’s validity and identity is high, the policy will actualize smoothly, and the public will cooperate and support. Similarly, the favorable government executive ability is rooted in the understanding and consent of the public whose obedience is the resources of authority. 
4.2基于政策对象的观点—政府

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