政府执行能力改善的分析(三)

4.2.1政策对象—政府的权力和信誉是政策力的保障，提高政策对象的有效性和真实性来实现政府策略。当政府的有效性和真实性受到高度认可时，政策就会顺利实现，并得到公众的配合与支持。同样，深入人心的政府执行力是建立在公众的理解和赞同之上，公众的服从是权力的资源。4.2.2 On the other hand, the government’s limited sense, subjective tendency and selfish will erode the policy ability. The justness and the validity of the policy subject is the guarantee of the effective policy execution. The object factor (such as information) and the limit of itself make the government can’t absolutely sense when it make decision, and the selfish and tendency destroy its policy ability. The solution is democracy decision and public participation, which will elevate the level of the decision-make and the effect of the policy execution, and as a result, elevate the government executive ability.
4.2.2 另一方面，政府有限的判断力，主观倾向和自私损害了政策力，政策问题的公正和有效性保证了政策的有效执行，政府的主观因素（如信息）和它自身的限制使得政府做决定时不能正确地判断，自私和主观倾向破坏了它的策略力。解决办法就是民主决定和公众参与，提高做决定的水平和政策执行的效果。因此，提高了政府执行力。
4.3 Based on the perspective of policy resources (or outer limiting condition of policy) 4.3.1 The current society system structure and the inertia of the institution limit the policy ability. Either a new policy or adjusting the old policy is the re-distribution of the society resources and values, which certainly will change the current benefit relationship and function status. These all will resist the change. So analyzing and harmonizing the current relative connection and the benefit structure will elevate the policy ability and government executive ability.  
4.3 基于政策资源的观点（或政策有限的外部条件）
4.3.1 当今社会体系结构和习俗的保守限制了策略力，对新策略或旧策略的调整是对社会资源和价值观的再分配，当然会改变当前的福利关系和职责状况，这一切都会阻碍变化。那么分析协调当前关系和福利结构将会提高策略力和政府执行力。
 4.3.2 The contradiction and balance of the government governance measures confirms the elevation of the policy ability. The government governance measures not only include policy, but also include national system, laws and regulations, moral ethics, manners and customs which have their own character and applying area, and will make the policy recourse applying more effectively. 
4.3.2 政府管理措施的矛盾与平衡巩固了策略力的提升，政府管理措施不仅包括政策，而且包括国家体系，法律和规章，道德伦理，规矩和习俗，具有它们自己的特征和应用领域，让政策对象使用得更有效
 4.3.3 The policy’s implicit effect should be recognized, the symbolic functions should be focuses and the government’s standardizing, inspiriting and leading ability should be elevated. The explicit target and function of policy mainly resolve the public problems and harmonize the society contradictions. It’s direct and clear. And the implicit and symbolic function has particular effect in the government executive ability, which is indirect and potential, such as politic lectures, counsels, communication and politician demonstration.
4.3.3 政策的内在影响应当得到认识，象征性的功能应当集中，政府的标准化，激励，领导力应当加强。明确的目标与政策的作用主要是直接清晰地解决公共问题及协调社会矛盾。内在且象征性的功能对政府执行力产生特殊的影响，
4.4 Based on the perspective of the form of policy analysis To strengthen the government executive ability should elevate the following public policy’s three aspects:
4.4 基于政策形式分析的观点
为了加强政府执行力应当提高公共政策的以下三方面：
4.4.1 To elevate the policy’s standardization. This will increase the policy ability and government executive ability. The standardization includes three factors: “authority boundary, clear boundary which can be delivered and communicated, and the boundary can be maintained by enough recourses and conditions. ”The policy’s standardization will increase the policy effectiveness and government executive ability. 
4.4.1加强政策的标准化，将会提高政策力和政府执行力。标准化包括三种因素：“职权范围，传递及传达清晰地界限，通过足够的对象与条件保持界限。政策的标准会增加政策的有效性及政府执行力。“
4.4.2 To elevate the policy’s propagable ability. The policy propagable ability includes three points: understandable, the unhindered approach and the proper measures, the efficiency of the results. The analysis must be done to confirm if the policy is necessary and if it according to the public.
4.4.2 加强政策的可增值力，政策的增值力包括三点：可理解，非制约方法及恰当的措施，有效的结果。分析一定确认政策是否必要且符合公众。
4.4.3 To elevate the policy’s harmony. This can elevate the government executive ability. There must be correspondence, consistent and adaptability between the policy system and society system, inner the policy system to ensure the harmony of the policy targets or government execution. Thus policy ability and government executive ability will be elevated. 
4.4.3  加强政策的一致性，可以提高政府执行力。政策体系与社会体系，政策体系与政策体系内部之间一定存在相关性，一致性及适应性确保政策目标的一致或政府执行。这样政策力和政府执行力将会得到提高。
4.5 Based on the perspective of policy means and tools The policy tools are the measures and approaches the government taken to solve the public problem or realize the policy target. “They are government’s activity and the system which adjust the government’s activity by a certain approach.” The policy tools are the bridge between the government’s targets and results. The choice of them is important to reach the certain target. After all, policy ability reflects the degree of the policy adjusting the policy content as measures. To some degree, policy means and tools are the effectiveness of the policy ability. Of course, policy tools as an activity of government; they will affect the government executive ability. Policy tools are divided to the following types: 
4.5 基于政策手段及工具的观点
政策工具是指政府解决公众问题或实现政策目标所采取的手段和方法。“它们是通过确定方法调整政府活动的政府行为及做法。”政策工具是连接政府目标和结果之间的桥梁，它们的抉择对达成特定的目标非常重要。毕竟，策略力反映了按照措施调整策略内容的策略程度。在某种程度上，政策手段与工具就是政策力的有效，当然政策工具作为一种政府的行为，它们将会影响政府执行力。政策工具分为以下几种：
4.5.1  Economy tools such as the introduction of marketization, definition of property, commission others the service etc.
4.5.1  经济工具如市场化的引进，资产的定义，委托其他服务等。
4.5.2  Administration tools such as regulations, orders, directions, etc.
4.5.2  执行工具如规章，制度，方针等
4.5.3  Education or society tools such as counsels, explains, lectures, information promulgation etc. 
4.5.3  教育或社会工具如忠告，解释，演讲，信息颁布等
Similarly, policy’s success is not decided by the designer and executor, but by the target crowds. The key factor is the public’s adoption and acceptance. So, the elevation of government executive ability lies on the communication with policy objects (the objects of policy tools pointing to).
同样，政策的成功不是由设计者和执行者决定的，而是由群众目标所决定的。关键因素是公众采纳和认可。所以，政府执行力的提高依靠政策对象间的交流（指政策工具的对象）。
  5 Conclusions Public policy is an effective and necessary governance tool for governments, and an important part of the government executive ability. It is a soft factor of government executive ability. Public policy ability will be enhanced through optimizing the structure of public policy, improving the process of public policy, standardizing the form of public policy and the main content of the policy itself, thereby the government executive ability will be improved too.
5 结论
公共政策对政府而言是一种有效而必要的管理工具及政府执行力的重要部分。公共政策力通过优化公共政策的结构来得到加强，改善公共政策的过程，标准化公共政策的形式及政策本身的主要内容，从而政府执行力也会得到改善。

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