CuluraldifferencesbeweenChineseandwesernculuresininerculuralcommunicaion_开题报告

1.Introduction

China has been a country of etiquette since ancient time. And China always attaches importance to etiquette education. In interaction with western countries or other countries, our country always indicates a big country of etiquette, so a lots of countries in the world calls China as the Country of  Rites. With the development of  technology and  economy, China has more opportunities to communicate with western countries, and western countries have been important partners of economy, culture, politic and so on. So it is very important for our country to treat western countries by using polite means.   

Etiquette of a country is a part of its culture; Chinese etiquette has been an important part of Chinese civilization culture. Different countries have different cultures, so there are also different kinds of etiquettes in different countries. China and western countries have different etiquettes, so it is very easy for us to see cultural differences between china and western countries from the perspective of etiquette.

With the development of economic globalization, the communication and contact between different countries become more and more frequent, and the communication between people from different countries and different cultural backgrounds has become a common concern. Intercultural communication refers to the process of communication and communication between people from different cultural backgrounds. The difference between cross-cultural communication and ordinary communication lies in a "cross", that is, both sides of the communication from different cultural backgrounds. However, in cross-cultural communication, due to the different cultural backgrounds, customs, customs and so on, there are many misunderstandings and even conflicts between communicators. Therefore, it is an important part of cross-cultural communication to study the cultural etiquette and customs of different nations. Intercultural communication requires the proper etiquette as a bridge between the two sides. The most important thing is to be able to cross cultural communication in the exchange activities, whether or not to have a certain cross-cultural etiquette knowledge.  

China since ancient times "a state of ceremonies" reputation. The so-called "ceremony" is to teach people to respect and care for others, make it reasonable. The so-called "Festival" is to teach people to be just in speech and deportment to their points, to be reasonable. Therefore, to the interaction between people, to exchanges between countries, must abide by social etiquette, otherwise it would be churlish. The etiquette culture with long history is a great wealth left by the ancients, which has an important effect on the development of intercultural communication and etiquette.

2. Research findings

According to the research of intercultural communication content, intercultural communication research has experienced four stages: the initial stage (before 1959), the base period (1960-1969 years), consolidation period (1970-1979 years) and flowering stage (since 1980) (Chen Guoming, 2009:6-9).

1) the embryonic stage (or initial stage): 1950s is the embryonic stage of intercultural communication research. In 1959 the American cultural anthropologist Edward Hall published The T. Silent Language first used the concept of intercultural communication, marking the birth of intercultural communication. The Hall of traditional anthropology single culture for expand cultural comparative study, especially the relationship of interaction between people from different cultures mainly, and that all necessary conditions to understand each other interactive culture is not in cross-cultural communication, and analysis and comparison of different cultural differences still is one of the core content of cross cultural communication studies. In addition, he moved the concept of culture from the perspective of macro analysis to micro analysis, and extended to the dissemination of research (Leeds-Hurwitz, 1990, see Chen Guoming, 2009:6-7).

2) the preliminary stage of development (or "base"): in 1960s, the study of intercultural communication is developed, more direct discussion of the relationship between culture and communication in intercultural communication works have appeared, such as "Oliver": cultural transmission (Culture and communication) and Smith communication and culture the "(Communication and Culture). In addition, a number of universities in the United States have opened a cross-cultural communication courses, the corresponding teaching materials will appear. In 1966, University of Pittsburgh began to set up the course of intercultural communication, and became the first school in the United States to set up the course of intercultural communication.

3) consolidation period: 1970s is a period of rapid development of intercultural communication studies. At this stage, the work of intercultural communication has been springing up. Such as: Samovar & Porter Intercultural Communication: A Reader, Prosser Intercommunication among Nations and People, Dodd Perspectives on Cross-cultural Communication. In addition, some important organizations of intercultural communication have been set up (see Lin Dajin, 1996:39). 1970 is a turning point for intercultural communication studies. This year, the "International Communication Association" (The International Communication Association) officially recognized this research in the field of intercultural communication, intercultural communication and set up a branch in the Association (Division of Intercultural Communication), the main results are published in the annual branch of Communication Yearbook. The same year, "Speech Communication Association" (The Speech Communication Association) also set up a "transnational and cross-cultural communication committee in association" (The Commission for International and Intercultural Communication), and to determine the 1970 as "cross-cultural and transnational communication", from the beginning of 1974 every year, the Commission published annual International and Intercultural Communication Annual. In 1972, the first International Symposium on intercultural communication was held in Tokyo, Japan. 1974, "cross cultural education training and Research Institute (The International Society for Intercultural Education Training and Research,, referred to as SIETAR) was founded in the United states. Founded in 1977 by the Institute's quarterly -- intercultural communication the main journal The International Journal of Intercultural Relations (IJIR) issued. In addition, more and more schools in the United States set up intercultural communication courses in this period.

4) the rapid development stage (or flowering): explore the establishment of theory and method are the features of this period, intercultural communication has become a mature subject in the late 1990s (Chen Guoming, 2009:8-9). Leeds-Hurwitz (1998) that Gudyknust Intercultural Communication 1983 Theory: Current perspectives publication of the book marked intercultural communication as the establishment of an independent discipline since then, intercultural communication has become a hot subject of competing to rush after the thorough study, to enter the stage (see Zhang Hongling, 2007:21). In the first ten years of this period, namely 1980s, cross-cultural studies are mostly extensions to the original test and communication theory, focuses on the abstract culture and communication theory, which belongs to the cross cultural study theory and research school "(Bennett, 1998: Preface). The theory of anxiety / uncertainty coordination and the theory of cross-cultural adjustment are the two most influential theories in this period. It is called "abstract", because researchers are taken to construct the theory for the purpose of Etic and universal culture (Culture-general) research methods (Zhang Hongling, 2007:22), but the researchers did not carry out an empirical study on the various countries and regions all over the world culture and each of these groups Aven, the theory is only abstract the reliability of a suspect. By 1990s, the researchers adopt Emic and Culture-specific methods (Zhang Hongling, 2007:23), began to pay attention to the different culture (including developed countries of Europe and America culture, including Latin America, Africa, Asia and the Middle East culture) empirical research into specific, objective and descriptive, belongs to the cross study cultural communication theory to practice school "(Bennett, 1998: Preface). In short, the diversification of this stage of cross-cultural research towards research theories and methods, and Research on the same culture in various cultural coexistence, discipline construction and theoretical research which makes cross-cultural communication gradually mature.

The academic circles generally believe that the Xu Guozhang published in the "modern language" in 1980 fourth entitled "Culturally-loaded Words and English Language Teaching", marking the birth of cross-cultural communication in the Chinese. In 1983, He Daokuan in his introduction to "a new subject -- intercultural communication" ("foreign language teaching" in 1983 second) in the text, will take the lead in intercultural communication as a discipline to domestic scholars are introduced, discussed the basic theory and content of this subject and its research results. Since then, "foreign language teaching and research", "foreign language journal", "foreign language teaching", "Journal of PLA Foreign Languages Institute and other academic journals have published a series of translation, review, review of intercultural communication articles.

3. Outline

1. The importance of intercultural communication.

2. Forms of intercultural communication:

2.1Cultural differences in business

2.2 Cultural differences in diet 

2.3 Cultural differences in the wedding

3. Intercultural communication in values

3.1Mainstream value

3.2Competition consciousness

3.3Independence consciousness

3.4Family concept

4. Differences between Chinese and Western ways of thinking and living habits

5. Conclusion :We need more in-depth understanding of the culture background of the target language and customs of life in the study, effectively reduce the barriers in cross-cultural communication and misunderstandings, improve the effectiveness of cross-cultural communication, better intercultural communication.

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