CuluraldifferencebeweenChineseandEnglishfromdailycommunicaion_开题报告

With the deepening and expansion of globalization in the second half of the 20th century and the increase of people's cross-border and cross-regional mobility, the issue of cultural adaptation has attracted extensive attention and research from western researchers.

Confucianism has been occupying a deep-rooted dominant position in the process of two thousand years of Chinese feudal society and history, and has exerted a profound and lasting influence on Chinese society. The Chinese always regard self devaluation as a classic. This is the Confucian "doctrine of the mean": advocating modesty as a pride, modesty as the basis, the value principle of emphasizing the group not despising oneself [9], the realization of self-worth includes the realization of social value, against excessive self-expression. The formation of Western values can be traced back to the Renaissance at least. The guiding ideology of the Renaissance is humanism, which shakes people's blind superstition of gods and promotes the emancipation of the mind. It is a movement for the emancipation of the mind [10]

Advocating individual centered, advocating individualism and striving to develop self expression. The value of modesty in western culture is negligible. A strong person can be reused and a weak person who lacks self-confidence can only lag behind or be ruthlessly eliminated. The group culture in our country attaches great importance to the relationship between family and friends, and regards it as a cell that constitutes a society. Western countries advocate independence, self-reliance and self-reliance. Chinese people attach importance to traditional kings, fathers and sons, and they are strict in hierarchy and seniority. In the western countries, the elders and the younger generation have equal status, regardless of the boundaries between the old and the young.

However, due to different cultural origins, different lifestyles, different customs and habits, and the linguistic uniqueness of the two nationalities, the process of cross-cultural communication encounters many problems [11]. It is common that information misunderstanding caused by cultural barriers harms each other. Cultural characteristics determine the complexity of intercultural communication and increase the difficulty of intercultural communication. Sometimes, good intentions make people feel awkward.

For example, in the West, whether it's big or small, whether it's a teacher-student relationship or a kindred relationship, it's impolite to say thank you to the other person. The Chinese people are different. They don't express their gratitude very often and think it's polite to say thank you. They think it's polite to say thank you, and they can distinguish the big things from the small ones. The upper and lower relations, humility, closeness and closeness. A little help. You're welcome. [12]. In the west, individualism is respected by the influence of parallel social relations. They pursue individual autonomy and emphasize individual rights and independence naturally. They believe that respecting individual autonomy is the mainstream of politeness in Chinese culture. Differences in daily communication in the West

In cross-cultural dialogue, both sides will be infected with tension. The host feels uncomfortable talking to foreigners because he can't maintain a normal flow of verbal and nonverbal interaction. There are language and cognitive barriers; silence is too long or too short; distance or other norms may be disrupted. He also feels threatened because he does not know the other person's knowledge, experience, and evaluation - visitors may examine and reject their masters and their nations and nations. Both of them feel a greater threat to Chinese outsiders. They feel strange and vulnerable, and do not have a lot of information to deal with. Unless they take defensive measures, such as returning to their own group, eliminating or ignoring the stimulus, or becoming aggressive or hostile, their self-esteem can be intolerably hurt. None of these defense will bring positive and effective communication.[1].

Many different theories and models of cultural adaptation have been put forward, among which Berry's Cross-Cultural Adaptation Model [2], which distinguishes four different types of cultural adaptation, Ward's Model of Cultural Adaptation [3], which describes the process of cultural adaptation and the factors affecting social psychology, has a far-reaching impact. There is Danckwortt's theory of adaptation to unfamiliar cultures [13], which comprehensively summarizes and analyzes the characteristics, fields, processes and stages of cultural adaptation. Cross-cultural adaptation refers to the process in which participants change in a new environment and develop appropriate and effective communicative competence. The current classification of cross-cultural adaptation in academia is based on Ward and his colleagues. They believe that cross-cultural adaptation can be examined from two dimensions, namely, psychological adaptation, mainly based on emotional reaction, to examine mental health and life satisfaction in cross-cultural communication; and socio-cultural adaptation, mainly to adapt to the local socio-cultural environment, including the ability to establish and maintain relations with the host country residents. The ability to communicate effectively. [4] At present, there have been a lot of research results on cross-cultural adaptation both at home and abroad, involving the cross-cultural adaptation of foreign students, immigrant groups, ethnic minorities, special groups (such as disabled persons and transfer students), especially the cross-cultural adaptation of foreign students in other countries, different disciplines and fields. Researchers from different professional backgrounds and interests, this group of daily communication in the West encountered cross-cultural issues were studied.

Different cultural backgrounds and traditions lead to considerable cultural differences in the way of thinking and communication between China and the West. Culture is the response of human life, the record of activities, the precipitation of history, people's needs and demands for life, ideals and aspirations, people's spiritual life of high-level spiritual life, people's understanding of nature, thinking about themselves, is the framework of human spirit to be supported [14]

Language is a tool of communication, and incomprehensibility of language can lead to communication obstruction or failure. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the cultural differences between China and the West in daily communication, so as to understand the differences between China and the West in daily greetings, appellations, apologies, invitations and farewells, as well as the differences in different historical backgrounds, living environment and customs. Analysis of the cultural background and lifestyle of China and the West will enable cross-cultural communication to proceed effectively and smoothly.

二、Outline

1. Cultural Difference In Daily Life

1.1. Greeting Differences

1.2.Differences Of Address

1.3.Acknowledgement Difference And Apology

1.4.Topic Selection And Privacy Differences

1.5.Invitation And Farewell Differences

2.A comparative analysis of cultural differences between China and West

2.1.Differences in living environment

2.2.Custom Difference 

2.3.Differences in historical background and religious beliefs

3.What can we do with the cultural gap

3.1.Overcome Psychological Barriers

3.2.Establish Cross-cultural Awareness

3.3.Expand And Accept Western Cultural

4.Conclusion

三、References

[1]Barna,L.M.Stumbling blocks in intercultural communication.Yarmouth,ME:intercultural Press,1998,pp.173-189 

[2]John W.Berry.Immigration,acculturation and adaptation.Applied Psychology.1997.

[3]A.Kennedy.The measurement of social adaptation.Int.J.Intercultural Rel.Vol.23,No.4.pp.659-677,1999.

[4]Kennedy.Locus of control,mood disturbance and social difficulty during cross-cultural transitions[J].Inteinational Journal of Intercultural Relations,1992.

[5]M.Lewthwaite.A study of international student’s perspectives on cross-cultural adaptation.International Journal for the Advancement of Counseliing.19:167-185,1996.

 [6]Buchner,A.Furnham.The psychology of cultural shock.2001.

[7]Ward & Kennedy-Where’s the “Cultural”in Cross-Cultural Transition?:Comparative Studies of Sojourner Adjustment.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology.24:221.1993.

[8]K.Oberg. Cultural shock:adjusyment to new cultural environment.Practical Anthropology.1960.

[9]陈科华.儒家中庸之道研究[M].桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2000.

[10]罗素.西方哲学史（下）[M].马元德译，北京：商务印书馆，1988.

[11]蔡立颖.浅谈中西方文化差异[J]. 今日科苑，2007.

[12] 邓炎昌,刘润清.英汉语言文化对比[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1989.1-20.

[13]孙进.文化适应问题研究:西方的理论与模型[J].北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),2010(5).

[14]张海欣.浅析中西方文化差异[J] .科教文汇,2010.