Sudyonranslaingbeweenhelines_开题报告

Context theory, firstly founded by the polish linguist Malinowsk in 1923, he believed that the language environment is essential for understanding language. Firth of London functional school inherited and developed the idea, he pointed out that speech only depended on language environment and context has the true meaning. In 1964, the representative figure of "system - function" school - Halliday put forward to the term REGISTER, in fact it reflects the context. Chinese linguist Mr. Zhigong Zhang, according to the content of the context is divided into real language context and generalized language context. And some Scholastics wrote articles about from the next three aspects to exposit the relationship between context and translation: the linguistic context (context), specific context (communication) and cognitive context (memory and knowledge structure). In addition, they think any words, sentences and paragraphs must be in certain simultaneous relationship, i.e. the context. Meaning expressed by the words contemporarily adjusted by specific and related social situation, i.e. macroscopic context. As a result, the context is the basic frame of reference significance. In the process to understand and establish the meaning, context plays a key role, only by which can the meaning of the word be established.

Actually, different words have the same or different meanings, or the same words have different meanings, in literal translation or in free translation. Translating in practice, you always have to know the word’s original meaning and its extended meaning to perfect your translation works. Translating is an art needs to facsimile at beginning, just as learning to draw pictures. Learning to translation firstly needs to study famous writers’ translation works. While Mr. Yuanchong Xu’s translating experience is worth to aftertaste: Translation is possible; it is not transliteration. Neglect the original form; get the original idea. Getting the idea, you understand the original; neglecting the form, you express the idea. Idea and form are two sides of one thing. Be sure to the idea common in two languages and free from the form peculiar to the original. That is the way of transliteration (.docin.com Nov.28, 2012 MS USER Shunzhe Guan). For some instances, there are many adjectives with extensive meanings, like good，sound，great and etc., difficult to select and understand the exact meaning in language use. E.g. A："This is a good strawberry." and B："This is a good lemon." For A, strawberry takes its sweet, and B should be sour lemon, here it depends on the word modified, so we can get two completely different meanings in the same sentence structure. As another example："When they took the baby from me to clean her up, she let out a couple of good screams. " Here GOOD’s meaning needs to understand from the subject of “screams”, and that is the vocabulary “baby” to offer us the clue to confirm, also in our context knowledge, shouting and crying loudly is just normal to a baby, so we can extend from loud to healthy. This is the “baby” context giving the “good” a circumstance meaning. Sometimes, in order to confirm the word’s meaning，we need to obtain from the whole paragraph or contiguous paragraphs, sections, even the whole article to select the equivalent words according with the original meaning. 

Translating is a purposeful and intentional verbal communication activity. It conveys the source language author's intention, including information intention and communication intention. It steps over space-time and a social intercourse intended, not only the process of transforming the source-language into the target-language, but also the process of a mutual communication and an exchange of the two different cultures, two different objects or persons. So in translation, one should not only do well in a word-by-word and sentence-by-sentence job, he should also try to understand the information among the words and between the lines, and what he is dealing with by referring to its macroscopic cultural circumstances, in order to express the information of the source-language exactly.

The purpose and characteristics of translation are to promote understanding among different countries and nations. Eugene Nida, a famous American translation theorist, defined translation as: Translation consists in reproducing the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (Nida and Taber, 1969:12). However, to reproduce “the closest natural equivalent” in the target language is more or less influenced by the cultural differences. Because of the differences in histories, geographic locations, local customs and religious beliefs, etc, there are some translation obstacles in communication which hinder people from understanding each other properly. Accordingly, it is very important to overcome the obstacles of cultural differences in cross-cultural communication. So, in the process of cross-cultural communication, translation not only involves translator’s or interpreter’s linguistic competence, but also calls for the acquaintance with the respective cultures. In this sense, translation means more than merely translating the words, sentences or articles from the source language into the target language. It means also to transfer between cultures.

Ⅱ. Outline

1. Introduction the basic translating process   

1.1. Translating word-by-word and sentence-by-sentence

1.2. Translating by knowledge and skills

1.3. Translating by context

1.3.1 From literal translation to free translation

1.3.2 Translating among the words and between the lines

2. The problems in translating practice

2.1. Knowledge lack

2.2. Cultural barriers

2.3. Context ignorance or insufficient understanding

3. The importance of context to translating practice

3.1. Exact memory and understanding the word’s literal and extended translation in various context circumstances

3.2. Reading repeatedly between the lines to get more information for translation

4. Perfect the translating from word-by-word to between the lines

4.1. Do good job at basic study

4.1.1. Words accumulation 

4.1.2. Foreign cultural knowledge and culture awareness 

4.2 More practice in translating from words to context

5. Conclusion

Ⅲ. References

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