BridgeChinglishGapbeweenTranslaionTheoryandPracice_开题报告

2. 字体：宋体，字号：小四，行间距：18磅。字数2000字以上。

（英语专业要求字体为：Times New Roman，行间距：18磅，英文书写，900个英语单词以上）

文献综述

The Study of Translation Theory

Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) with equivalent textual material in another language (target language). Learning the essence and standards of translation helps us better communicate with people and also broaden our mind.

The translation should follow the standard of "loyal, express and elegant". "loyal" means faithfulness and trustworthiness. In the translation process, the translation should "no increase, no decrease, no change" in the information of the source text, so that the translation can achieve equivalent meaning from the source text. "express" refers to the smooth use of the target language to spread the hided information of the source text. "elegant" means that the overall translation text is vivid and lively.

There are tens of thousands of English translators in China, but unfortunately, even according to Yan Fu's "letter, elegance, and expressive" translation standards, Chinese English is prone to appear. Because many Chinese translators express translated sentences according to their own habits, and even some are made up together, which are completely inconsistent with foreign language habits, which can easily lead to deviations in meaning, misunderstandings, and even others may not understand. If you do not think outside of Chinese English, it is difficult to learn pure and authentic English. This phenomenon has seriously affected China's foreign exchanges in various fields, reflecting the differences between the source and target languages. Therefore, reducing and eliminating the difference between the source language and the target language has become a top priority for translators. Scholars at home and abroad have also conducted a lot of long-term research on language differences.

Since the concept of "Chinese English" was proposed, many experts and scholars have begun to study the difference between English and Chinese. As of 2016, thousands of studies on language differences have been published in various academic journals. Among them are more representative: Wang Dehua's "Effects of English and Chinese Thinking Modes on Its Language and Writing"(Foreign Languages and Foreign Language Teaching, No.3, 2003); Yi Lixin's "Differences between Chinese and English Languages and Chinese and Western Thinking Modes" (Journal of Jilin Education Institute. Subject Edition, 2010, Issue 12); Yuan Zhilin published in 2010 "The Contrastive Study of Chinese-English Language Differences and Chinese and Western Thinking Modes"(Business Offers, Issue 26, 2010); Du Han and Zhang Baopei's "Representation and Abstraction-2010: A Look at the Differences in Chinese and English Thinking Modes from Words and Vocabulary"(Journal of Jinan Vocational College, 2010, Issue 1); Jin Xiayi Published in 2014 "Research on the Embodiment of the Difference between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Chinese Characters and English Words".

Mr. Ji Xianlin once said: "The difference between Eastern and Western cultures lies in the Chinese and Western modes of thinking(Jin Xiayi, Northeast Agricultural University, December 9, 2014). The origin of tracing the differences in the way of thinking between the eastern and western nations lies in the natural geographical conditions of ancient eastern and western societies. China is a closed continental geographical environment, less subject to pressure from nature. People pay attention to time, geographical conditions, and harmony. Shaped the ancient Chinese philosophy of "the unity of man and nature", the Han people believe that the unity of the opposite of Yin and Yang is an inherent attribute of objective things, there is no obvious opposition between man and nature, and they are accustomed to knowing things from the overall aspect and view the world as a qualitative An indivisible organism, and use this view to explain all things and phenomena.The Anglo-American people live in a turbulent, harsh climate marine environment, which constitutes the Anglo-American people's emphasis on space expansion and military conquest, as well as a strong desire to overcome and conquer. Westerners believe that all things in the world are opposites, such as man and nature, material and spirit, society and nature.

Therefore, different ways of survival produce two different ways of thinking: Chinese people focus on the use of comprehensive thinking, image thinking, subject thinking and other thinking methods, while Westerners are more focused on analytical thinking, abstract logical thinking and object thinking. Different ways of thinking have different effects on their writing and language. When learning, you need to cultivate English thinking ability, learn English in English thinking mode, so as to master the inherent laws of English.Otherwise it will be prone to Chinglish.

Chinglish in Chinese-English translation

Chinglish, which might be described as “English with Chinese Characteristics”. As Chinese English-learners, we will inevitably involve some Chinglish elements into our translation work, which is influenced by our Chinese way of thinking or culture, while which does not conform to English-speakers’ habits. 

2.1 What are the reasons responsible for Chinglish? 

Negative transfer from mother tongue: when learners blindly apply the grammar rules and expressions of their mother tongue to the target language, so errors occur. The greater the difference between original and target languages, the more errors might occur.

Different cultural backgrounds: cultural is different through various countries, and language is the creation of different culture, so cultural collision will inevitably induce Chinglish.As the development and advance of globalization, the communication and collision of culture in Chinese and English have been revealed to us in an unprecedented range.

Translation has been restricted and impacted inevitably by cross-cultural factors, take compliments for example, when translation, commendatory terms in Chinese may turn into derogatory terms in English. For instance, dragon is the symbol of the holy spirit, then flattery words in Chinese like “人中龙凤”, “成龙快婿”come into being. But to the Westerns, a dangerous monster with safety hazard is their definition of dragon. Besides, “红光满面”in Chinese means good health mentally and physically. The literal translation of “Your face is read” absolutely puzzle the English people. On the other hand, commendatory terms in English will also be thought as derogatory terms in Chinese. some English idioms in reference to dogs are lucky and commendatory for dogs are honesty companies of humans, especially to Westerns. Whereas, Chinese feel uncomfortable even irritated when hearing about the sayings like “ lucky dog”, “ work as a dog” and so on. Therefore, once the unlucky word that hearers think appears in conversion from the speakers. It’s interpreter’s obligation and duty to focus more on meaning but form for interpreting in a more proper and acceptable way. The translators emphasis more on the overcoming obstacles in cultural differences.

Different modes of thinking: language has a close relationship with modes of thinking. The Chinese mindset is vague and abstract, while the Western mindset is directly specific. That is why if Chinese students use ambiguous vocabulary when using English, then native English-speakers are always confused.

2.2 How to effectively avoid Chinglish translation?

(1). Avoid literal translation. Translating literally is one of the main reasons leading to Chinglish. The translator should deeply understand the original text and translate it with the expression habits of the target language. Do not stick to the original text.

(2). Pay attention to the cultivation of English thinking. Besides increasing the amount of language input, we should also pay attention to the accumulation of cultural background and social relations, reducing the dependence on the mother tongue but strengthening the formation of English thinking. 

(3). We should avoid repetition and redundancy, omit repeated information, making translation sounds more comfortable to native-speakers.

Translation Theory and Practice

In the practice of applying translation theory, translators are prone to Chinese English because of differences in thinking methods, differences in expression habits and translation skills. The most basic difference between English and Chinese grammar is the hypotaxis and parataxis. hypotaxis forms of language focus on meaning, and the logical relationship between sentence components (including words, phrases, clauses) is marked by explicit connection means such as related words. However, the language that emphasizes the meaning of the word pays attention to the form of intention, and the components of the sentence rely on implicit coherence, and there is no need or less use of related words. In addition, both English and Chinese sentences have active and passive forms, but they differ in frequency and form of use. At the same time, another important difference between English and Chinese is that English is a static language, while Chinese is a dynamic language, and part-of-speech transformation is required during translation. These phenomena will seriously affect the quality of translation.

In order to better circumvent this situation, translators should use appropriate translation theory skills on the basis of understanding the cultural differences between China and the West and accurately understanding the original side. Start with the word and sentence structure when translating, reduce unnecessary standardizing verbs and modifiers, avoid repeating the same thing, achieve logical consistency in the sentence, and reduce Chinese English style, try to make the translation conform to the target language's expression habits To make the translation smooth and authentic. Of course, translation is not an overnight process. Understanding the basic differences between Chinese and English can help us easily get rid of Chinese English translation, but we still need to constantly strengthen the practice of Chinese and English. quality.Only through intensive training can we gradually reduce the appearance of Chinglish and finally get rid of the Chinglish problem.

B. ^范文提纲格式

An introduction to translation theory

1.1 Definition of Translation

1.2 The Purpose of Translation

1.3 Translation Criteria: Yan fu's "loyal,express,elegant," standard

1.4 Methods and Techniques of Chinese-English translation

1.4.1 Reduction or Add Words

1.4.2 Flexible Change

1.4.3 Split and Merge of Sentence

1.4.4 Inverted Sentence

Chinglish in Chinese-English translation Practice 

2.1 The Background of Chinglish

2.2 Main Reasons for Chinglish: The Difference between Source Language and Target Language

2.2.1 Hypotaxis and Parataxis

2.2.2 Passive and Active Tense

2.2.3 Static and Dynamic Expression

Methods on Bridging Chinglish Gap 

on Words Level

Reduce Unnecessary Norms, Verbs and Modifiers

Remove Redundant Words or Expressions

Avoid Repeated Reference to The Same Thing

on Sentence Structure

3.2.1 The Placement of Phrase and Clause

3.2.2 Achieving Logical Coherence in Sentence

3.3 Lessening Chinglish Style

3.3.1 Relieve Reliance on The Noun 

3.3.2 Using a Preposition to Show the Connection of Nouns

C. 参考文献

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